Bersiap: Graphic Rijks Museum exhibition revisits Indonesian revolt

The National Museum in Amsterdam, where 'Revolusi! Indonesia Independent' is on exhibit. Photo / Mike Corder, AP

Video of Dutch troops overseeing the torching of houses in an Indonesian village plays in one room of the Rijks Museum in Amsterdam. A few meters away, a baby's clothes sewn from book covers — the only scraps of cloth the mother could find — are laid out.

The displays, which cast into stark relief two different elements of suffering, are part of a new exhibition at the national museum of the Netherlands. "Revolusi! Indonesia Independent" presents a multifaceted view of the violent birth of the Southeast Asian nation from the ashes of World War II and three centuries of colonial rule.

The array of baby clothes "doesn't show the violence directly, but it's this indirect impact of the violence that's been shown by these objects," museum director Taco Dibbits told The Associated Press on Wednesday.

Indonesia's War of Independence is shown through the eyes of 23 witnesses, ranging from a young Indonesian boy with a box of watercolours covertly painting troop movements in his hometown to famed photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson's iconic images of President Sukarno being sworn into office at the sultan's palace in Yogyakarta on Dec. 17, 1949.

The exhibit includes paintings, propaganda, video and photographs of the tumultuous transformation of the Dutch East Indies into Indonesia.

The show is part of the Rijks Museum's examination of the Netherlands' colonial past that last year featured a major exhibition on the country's role in the global slave trade.

"If you look at the Dutch educational system, the Indonesian independence is described from a Dutch perspective, and we feel it very important to continuously broaden our history," Dibbits said.

The exhibition, which will travel to Indonesia next year, was pulled together by four curators, two from the Netherlands and two from Indonesia.

One of the Indonesian curators, historian Bonnie Triyana, sparked controversy last month when he criticised the use of the word "bersiap" in the exhibition.

"If we use the term 'bersiap' in general to refer to violence against the Dutch during the revolution, it takes on a strongly racist connotation," he wrote in Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad.

The word, meaning "be ready," is often used in the Netherlands to refer to violence by Indonesians in the early days of the independence struggle immediately after the end of World War II.

One group has filed a complaint with police and prosecutors over use of the term, saying the museum "knowingly continues to use a term that stigmatises Indonesians in a colonial way."

"We want to use (the word)," Triyana told the AP. "What I want to do is (give) the contextual explanation into it. To make the people understand what does this term means, at least from my perspective, as Indonesian historian."

Dibbits understands the controversy about a term that is used to describe one part of the suffering unleashed by the conflict.

"It's very understandable that there's this discussion and I think very important that there's this discussion on the usage of words or usage of term, because for a lot of people who suffered immensely — their children, their grandchildren," he said. "For them, it's still very much history of today that's important."

Indonesia proclaimed independence on Aug. 17, 1945, declaring an end to Japan's World War II dominance as well as 350 years of Dutch colonial rule. But the Netherlands fought fiercely to maintain control for four years before recognising Indonesia's independence in 1949.

The Netherlands' leaders have addressed widespread reports of excessive violence by Dutch troops during the independence war. During a state visit to Indonesia in 2020, King Willem-Alexander apologised for "the excessive violence on the part of the Dutch" during the independence struggle.

A major research project into the violence is due to present its findings later this month.

Remco Raben, a history professor at the University of Amsterdam, said the exhibition is groundbreaking in its approach.

"It's ... the first time that the Indonesian revolution is presented to the Dutch public as an Indonesian revolution and not only as a Dutch experience of a decolonisation war in Indonesia." he said.

- Associated Press