Our hills are the result of erosion and our alluvial plains are the result of sedimentation from erosion. Sedimentation did not start with the first Māori fires of 550 years ago or from widespread forest clearance by new European settlers.
Those activities did, however, speed it up.
Erosion has been an essential part of the evolution of the region. However, if we are to continue developing a resilient future we must minimise the risk and impact of this sediment.
Yes, we have converted wetlands to productive land. Before development began most of the Heretaunga Plains was wetland.
These are now one of the food baskets of the country. Most of our valleys were wetlands, they are now highly productive pasture and croplands.
We need to remember no wetland would have prevented the Gabrielle tsunami of debris and water from devastating the Esk and other areas. Neither would have widening the flood ways.
Development requires compromises and the removal of many wetlands was one of those. Yes, re-create wetlands but ensure they fit within the new resilient ecology.
Pine forests soak up carbon dioxide and they do it far more rapidly than a planted native forest. They also produce a profit and when managed effectively minimise erosion risk.
Hawke’s Bay pine forests during Gabrielle suffered little erosion. The recent HBRC analysis of the wood debris revealed a significant amount of it was pine, but there was also plenty of willow too.
Why was there very little native tree debris? The reason is there are very few areas of mature native forest adjacent to rivers in the flood catchment areas.
If these existed, there would most likely have been whole native tree debris washed away from the same alluvial environment as the pine trees.
Manuka is a pioneer species but it is not the panacea for healing the hills.
A peer-reviewed study of the manuka planted on the steep slopes in the Tangoio Soil Conservation Reserve identified, to quote Dr Mike Marden of Landcare Research in the NZ Journal of Forestry Science in 2020: “There is little quantitative data to establish when (i.e. how many years after planting) these plantings likely afford effective mitigation against the initiation of shallow landslides”.
The study also identified that 6 to 9 years after planting the greatest proportion of the manuka root mass was less than half a metre deep and no roots were found below 1 metre.
This indicates manuka is not deep rooting and may not offer protection from landslide erosion for many years.
Many years of experience in Hawke’s Bay and other parts of New Zealand lead me to believe that over much of our hill country the most resilient land use is a healthy and productive pasture supported by space-planted erosion control poplars.
Conversion to closed canopy erosion control forest is the last resort and should be reserved for only the most erodible hill country.
* Garth Eyles is Taradale-based and has worked in land management and written books about Hawke’s Bay landscapes. He was involved in the development of Tutira Country Park from its inception in 1998 until 2008.
