Van de Breggen told media after the race the crash left her shaken.
"I was pretty shocked, I think she crashed hard. I realised I was at the front of the team, so I had to chase. I did it for Annemiek. To see her like that, it's a big shock," she said.
Van Vleuten was part of a seven-woman break at the 39km mark.
New Zealand's Linda Villumsen, who was among the early leaders, made an initial attempt to chase the breakaway, but didn't have the numbers to go with her. Villumsen finished in 23rd place, about five minutes behind the leaders.
The road race course has been heavily criticised, with former British cyclist Chris Boardman telling the BBC there were stretches where crashing would be extremely dangerous, due to the road furniture and wet conditions.