In ten appearances for the Roar he scored five goals, including one against the Phoenix in a game which was eventually called off early due to a waterlogged pitch.
Kaludjerović, who stands 180cm tall and weighs 74kg, has played three times for Serbia at full international level and six times for his country's under-23 and under-21 teams.
He is a strong centre forward who shoots with both feet and is a set-piece specialist.
With the departures of Kosta Barbarouses and Shane Smeltz, acquiring a goalscorer has been a priority for new Phoenix head coach Darije Kalezic.
Kaludjerović is the fifth of the allowed five overseas players on the Phoenix roster, joining Roy Krishna (Fiji), Marco Rossi (Italy), Gui Finkler (Brazil) and Goran Paracki (Croatia).
It also brings to five the signings made by Kalezic, joining Paracki and Australians Scott Galloway, Daniel Mullen and Dario Vidosic.
The Phoenix open their A-League season on October 8 at home to Adelaide United.