Mayers' 210 not out is the fifth-highest score by a debutant in test history, and it was the largest esuccessful run chase in Asia.
The previous highest score by a test debutant in the fourth innings was 112, set by Abbas Ali Baig in 1959.
Mayers was a relatively unknown figure in the sport before Sunday's victory. The left-hander had previously played 32 first-class matches, averaging 28.93 with the bat and scoring two centuries.
He represented the West Indies in a handful of one-day matches and made his Twenty20 debut in New Zealand in November, before being given an opportunity at test level this week.
Remarkably, Mayers had scored a duck in his previous two first-class innings before this week's test match.
Former West Indies paceman Ian Bishop tweeted: "Consider the inexperience. Consider that it's tough condition on the final day of a test in Asia. This has to be one of the most significant achievements in the history of West Indies cricket."
"I always believe in my abilities and the team, and I always was positive," Mayers said after the victory.
"We never gave up. We always said in the dressing room that we need to keep fighting.
"It's a great feeling to be playing test cricket … a guy making his debut and making a double should inspire all youngsters to work hard and reach this level."
The second test match between Bangladesh and the West Indies commences in Dhaka on Thursday.
