Tim Dare: Abuse prediction tool too vital to ignore

Better risk prediction might help identify causes of social deprivation and alienation. Photo / Getty Images

Opinion

Ask how to use risk-modelling system, not why to trash it.

Criticism of the Government's white paper on child abuse and its reliance on a risk-modelling tool prepared by the University of Auckland was predictable. However it is important to see that concerns about the implementation strategies set out in the white paper - making risk scores available to "professionals across the sector" with its attendant security risks for instance - may not be good reasons for rejecting the risk modelling tool itself.

The attraction of risk modelling turns on predictive power and the opportunity it provides for early and targeted intervention. That promise must not be lightly put aside. The tool uses a de-identified data set linking administrative records from Social Welfare and the Cyfs systems. The resulting focus on children whose families have received benefits raises important ethical issues touched on below. The basic justification for the focus, however, is found in records showing that 11,878 (5.4 per cent) of children born between 2003 and 2006 were maltreated by age 5, that 9816 (83 per cent) had had a benefit spell prior to turning 2, and would therefore have received a risk score under the Auckland tool.

Patrick Kelly, head of New Zealand's main child abuse unit, and member of a 2009 expert panel on child abuse, points out that existing approaches already select families for targeted intervention on the basis of a short list of known risk factors, and asks "why not just implement that?" The answer lies in the promise of greater predictive power of the Auckland tool. If that promise is well founded (and the evidence is offered on the MSD website), it must not be ignored.

Some critics object that automated predictive risk modelling will lead social workers to trust computers rather than their own judgment. The tool does not purport to replace social workers or to shift them off the frontline. It may have the opposite effect. Many risk assessment tools rely on social workers correctly identifying and reporting risk factors. Such "operator driven" tools are significantly threatened by what we might crudely call data entry problems. Better, one might think, to leave the complex and time consuming data collection and validation tasks to an automated system and its designers (properly informed by social workers) freeing front line staff to exercise experience and judgment in decisions about the proper response to validated risk assessments delivered by the tool.

The authors of the tool acknowledge that its focus on welfare and Cyfs data means that it does not capture potential victims never seen on a benefit, and that the vast majority of children who are seen do not suffer maltreatment. But these are grounds to think carefully about what use should be made of the tool's predictions - to think, that is, about implementation strategies - not reasons to ignore the predictive power the tool does offer.

The worry about focusing in implementation also comes up in criticisms that have linked the white paper to the Government's drive for efficiency. Whatever the virtues and vices of the white paper, there is nothing in the predictive risk model that endorses lower spending on New Zealand's child maltreatment problem. More accurate risk prediction might allow reallocation of savings to develop responses to cases of abuse not captured in the model, or to address the issues of social deprivation and alienation which are no doubt the common causes of reliance on government support and elevated risk of child maltreatment.

Dr Kelly favours information sharing, but thinks doing so via an automated risk assessment tool is unnecessary since "it is possible to share data simply by allowing individuals in different agencies to talk to each other". This would be a powerful point if the Auckland tool did no more than complicate such conversations, but the situation is less clear: It is not possible to talk about the thousands of families with risk factors; conversation tends to follow incidents rather than to anticipate them, and there is nothing in the Auckland tool or the white paper to prevent conversations between professionals. The Auckland model might hope to provide good information to make such conversations effective and productive.

A number of critics make the point that the stigma associated with identification as an at-risk family might itself increase stress on families and so the risk of abuse. There is a genuine issue here, but the consequences of identification as an at-risk family will turn largely on the use that is made of risk information. As with other issues addressed here, these are reasons to think carefully about how potentially valuable information should be used to address our shameful record of child abuse, not for dismissing the information.

Tim Dare is associate professor of Philosophy at Auckland University and an author of 'Vulnerable Children: Can administrative data be used to identify children at risk of adverse outcomes?'