The implications are significant. City and district councils manage local services, infrastructure and planning, including roads, water, waste, parks, libraries and local regulations. Regional councils oversee water quality, land use, flood control and often public transport and regional parks.
A weak local democracy compromises that system and affects how elected representatives respond to local needs and plan for the future. The question is: how can we close the voter gap?
Previous suggestions have included paying people to vote, making voting compulsory, using incentives to change voter behaviour (such as giving away “I voted” stickers), and introducing online voting.
However, a potentially more effective strategy could be synching local elections with general elections. This would come with certain risks, but the evidence suggests it is the most effective strategy for boosting voter turnout.
The crisis of civic engagement
The challenge facing local democracy in Aotearoa New Zealand is not unique. Internationally, voter turnout in local elections is falling and is consistently below the levels observed at general elections.
In the US, local election turnout is often less than 20%, despite presidential elections seeing an average turnout of around 60%. In the UK, voter turnout for local elections is around half the general election rate.
Even in Australia, where voting in local elections is compulsory in most states and territories, only around 60% of enrolled voters voted in the recent Northern Territory local government elections. In some parts of the territory, voter turnout was as low as 10%.
This all has significant implications for representative decision-making. Voters who do turn out for local elections are often demographically unrepresentative of the electorate as a whole.
They tend to be more affluent, have higher education levels than non-voters and are more likely to be working fulltime. Voters are also consistently older than non-voters, with over-65s being the most overrepresented group.
Although it’s difficult to measure, these sociodemographic factors likely correlate with differences in issue preferences. In some cases, this can lead to the election of local councillors who prioritise issues that may not be representative of the preferences and needs of the electorate overall.
In smaller elections, there is also a risk of “policy capture” – the undue influence of vested interests on public decision-making – leading to outcomes not in the best interests of most constituents.
Closing the voter gap
There is growing evidence that synching local elections with state or general elections through structural reform is one way to increase voter turnout and improve local democracy.
In California, for example, synched local elections have produced turnout rates dramatically higher than un-synched elections, and local elections held concurrently with national elections have more than double the rate of voter turnout.
Synching elections could also reduce the risk of “voter fatigue”, which was an undeniable factor affecting voter engagement in recent state elections in Tasmania.
Given this, Aotearoa New Zealand could consider structural reform as a strategy to boost local democracy and voter engagement. Local and general election cycles could be synced by a one-off, one-year extension of the local body electoral term to align it with the general election cycle.
Alternatively, the debate about whether to extend the parliamentary term to four years might be expanded to also consider the synching of local and general elections.
Risk and reform
Structural reform to increase democratic engagement would not be without risks. A four-year parliamentary term is already controversial, due to fears it could consolidate power in the executive without adequate checks and balances.
Likewise, there is a risk that holding local and general elections concurrently could overwhelm and turn off some voters, or make them focus on one set of issues at the expense of others.
Information overload might mean some voters are less informed about candidates or issues. “Ballot fatigue” could see voters skipping options on their voting papers.
But the emerging evidence is pretty persuasive: shifting to concurrent elections has the greatest impact on local government voter turnout relative to any other reform measure (outside of making voting compulsory).
When the subject of plummeting voter turnout inevitably re-emerges next month, debating the merits and limitations of deeper structural reform across electoral cycles might be timely.
