Men's lifestyles may impact bloodline: study

It might not just be expectant mothers who have to pay attention to their lifestyles. A new study published in Science could be relevant to a growing body of research looking at ways in which the lifestyle and environment of men before they become fathers could influence the lives of their children and grandchildren.

We know that many human traits, such as weight, height, intelligence and susceptibility to disease, can be partly inherited, but researchers have struggled to identify the precise genetic basis for these. There is growing interest in how something called "epigenetics" might explain this heritability.

Epigenetics refers to the information in the genome over and above that contained in the DNA sequence.

This epigenetic information - which influences which copies of the genes in our DNA are "expressed", or used - may be passed from one generation to another during reproduction.

There has been much interest in recent years in the possibility that a person's environment during reproduction, such as their nutrition, can influence the "epigenetic signatures" in their children - potentially with consequences for health in later life.

Most studies have focused on epigenetic signatures passed on through the maternal line, but researchers are increasingly looking at the importance of fathers in the process of epigenetic inheritance. The new study in Science claims to have shown that manipulation of the epigenetic process during the production of sperm in mice influences the development of their offspring over multiple generations.

We already know that specific epigenetic signatures in fathers' sperm have been linked to the risk of autism in children. The age of a father when a child is conceived has also been associated with epigenetic changes in sperm and the susceptibility of his children to certain diseases.

Epigenetic changes have also been observed in children born after IVF treatment where their father's sperm were defective. Studies with mice show that administration of ethanol to males alters the epigenetic signatures in the brains of their offspring. These and other studies point to the potential impact of the way fathers live their lives on the health of their children and the Science study provides new insights into how this might come about.

In their new study, scientists at McGill University in Canada used genetic engineering to alter the activity of one of the histone proteins that controls epigenetic processes during the production of sperm in mice. They showed that this change influenced the health and development of the offspring and that the effect persisted over a number of generations.

The researchers suggest that genetic variation in the specific epigenetic controllers (histones) that they studied could produce similar effects in humans.

They also suggest that if certain factors in a man's environment disrupt this same epigenetic process during the production of sperm, this could also be an underlying cause of birth defects and disease that may be traceable to the father. These are serious medical conditions but many researchers are also interested in more subtle effects in the general population.

It is still early days in this field of research but if these processes are relevant to humans, the consequences may be significant. Traits that we once thought were inevitable could be modifiable and what we do in life may have implications not only for our own health but also potentially the health of our children and even our grandchildren.