Here’s how to understand executive functioning, and figure out which coping strategies might work for you.
What is executive functioning?
Executive functions are life management skills that help people “convert intentions into actions,” said Ari Tuckman, a psychologist in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and author of The ADHD Productivity Manual.
In other words, if you plan to do something, executive functions help you do it at the right time and place because it will benefit you, either now or in the future, he added. These skills are essential for planning, solving problems, managing time, making decisions and initiating tasks, as well as controlling your emotions and attention.
Amy Dorn, 44, a mother of three in Evergreen, Colorado, who has ADHD, has trouble staying calm when her brain becomes overstimulated by too many things happening at once. It doesn’t take long before she becomes frazzled. Sometimes, she said, she’ll even “scream at the top of my lungs”.
There are no quick fixes, but the self-awareness that her brain is different helps her calm down faster, take a deep breath and say she’s sorry.
“The kids call me the apologiser,” she said.
Her tendency to go from 0 to 100 may never go away, she added, so her family has found ways to prevent overstimulation from happening in the first place. Her husband changed his working hours, arriving home earlier to ensure that she has an extra hand shuttling the kids to activities. And they have limited their children to one sport per season.
Moving beyond tips and tricks
There’s no shortage of techniques to help with executive functioning, like the pomodoro method that Daskal tried, the gist of which is a 25-minute burst of focused attention followed by a short break.
But before trying one of these strategies, experts say, it may help to start with a brief self-analysis.
Identify which aspects of executive functioning are most problematic for you
Tamara Rosier, the founder of the ADHD Centre of West Michigan and the author of You, Me, and Our ADHD Family, said that difficulty starting a task was the most common executive functioning issue for her clients. The to-do list can feel overwhelming, which may lead to frustration, anxiety and avoidance.
When Daskal planned to finally clean out her garage, for example, she was so paralysed by the prospect that she went out and adopted a dog instead.
Potty training a puppy seemed simpler than confronting the thousands of little decisions required to organise her space, she explained.
Next, look for solutions that address your problem
For task initiation, ask yourself, “What’s making this hard to start?”
It might be perfectionism, fear or unclear steps, Rosier said. Once you have a better idea of what’s slowing you down, try to address it. If you’re unsure of what steps to take because you are overwhelmed with emotion, make a list of what is overwhelming. Then ask yourself, “Am I overcomplicating this task?” Challenge yourself to think of the simplest way to do it, Rosier said.
Another strategy, she added, is to use “body doubling,” which is working alongside someone else – virtually or in person – to create momentum. For example, the Attention Deficit Disorder Association offers an online “productivity powerhour” where people can gather to work toward a goal. You can also pair your task with something pleasant like music or a podcast to make it feel more enjoyable.
Try solving the problem outside your mind
“Externalising” your thought process – by discussing your problem with a friend, writing it down or physically manipulating the things you’re working on – can be more helpful than trying to hold everything in your mind, Tuckman said.
Dorn, for example, often forgets things that seem boring or mundane. She now wears a recording device on her wrist and says her to-do list out loud, then plays it back later in the day.
Set expectations for yourself and others
Personal strategies are less effective if your environment isn’t friendly to people with executive functioning deficits, such as a job that requires you to complete a complex task on the computer while continuing to receive instant messages that may or may not require a response, breaking focus on the main task.
Daskal decided to pivot from owning a salon and spa, which involved managing a facility and a staff, to focus on her dream of starting a new nail polish brand. This time around, she said, she’s mindful of how many responsibilities she’s taking on and which ones need to be outsourced. That helps her make time for sleep and exercise.
“I limit both what I attempt to do in a day as well as the time I attempt to do them,” she said. Her mantra: “One step at a time, one thing at a time.”
Setting expectations with the people you interact with is also important, Tuckman said. Say you’re always late to meet friends. You can work on arriving earlier while also being honest, saying, “Don’t leave until I text you,” Tuckman suggested.
Don’t judge yourself too harshly
If you’ve had trouble with executive functioning, it can be easy to blame yourself – especially if other people are continually suggesting that you fall short.
Remind yourself that you aren’t flawed or irresponsible, Tuckman said. Rather, you have difficulty following through on what you intend to do and juggling all of the other demands of life in order to make it happen, he added.
This mindset can be “tremendously validating,” he said, especially when someone has tried so hard – sometimes even harder than others – yet doesn’t have as much to show for it.
“If you are someone who struggles with executive functions, critical people with very specific expectations may not be the people who should have a starring role in your life,” Tuckman said. “It’s not just you are a bad fit for them – they are a bad fit for you.”
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Christina Caron
Photographs by: Cristina Spano
©2025 THE NEW YORK TIMES
