Tongue scraping involves using a tool to remove a white or yellowish coating that sometimes forms on the tongue. Photo / Eric Helgas, The New York Times
Q: I’ve heard that tongue scraping is good for your oral health and can prevent bad breath. Is that true? And why?
Tongue scraping involves using a tool to remove a white or yellowish coating that sometimes forms on the tongue. This is the result of buildup from food debris, dead skin cells and bacteria, said Dr Martinna Bertolini, an assistant professor of dental medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine.
“The tongue is the only tissue in the entire body that has papillae,” Bertolini said, referring to the tiny bumps that help your tongue grip food as you eat and that sometimes contain taste buds. These papillae, as well as the grooves some people have in their tongues, create little pockets where buildup can accumulate.
Tongue scrapers are designed to scrape off that discoloured, often smelly coating. Typically made of stainless steel, silicone or plastic, they come in a few styles. They usually involve gripping one end of the tool while you press the other end down your tongue as you scrape.
Buildup on the tongue smells bad because bacterial colonies can live there, said Ananda Dasanayake, a professor of epidemiology at the New York University College of Dentistry. Some of these bacteria produce gases that are “really very stinky”, he said, adding that “that’s one reason people get halitosis”, which is persistent bad breath.
Halitosis is the main reason a dentist might recommend tongue scraping, said Isabelle Laleman, a periodontist at CHU de Liège, a university hospital in Belgium. Treatments for bad breath are pretty limited, she said. People can use a mouthwash, such as Listerine, but it will only mask the smell. Physically scraping off the source of that odour is “the best thing we have” for bad breath, Laleman said.
Few studies have been done on the effectiveness of tongue scraping for reducing bad breath and bacterial counts, and their results have been mixed. One review, published in 2010, found that tongue scraping and tongue brushing could improve breath odour and reduce the coating on the tongue.
Other studies, including one that Laleman co-wrote and published in 2017, found that among 18 patients with periodontitis — a serious form of gum disease — tongue scraping made no difference in the amount of bacteria or odour in their mouths (although patients said they felt their tongues were cleaner).
If your breath does improve with tongue scraping, Bertolini said it’s important to note that those benefits will be temporary. “If you don’t do this daily, it comes back,” she said.
Bertolini said she would recommend tongue scraping only to patients with halitosis, because they’re the only ones who really need it. If you have a history of gum disease, it is a good idea to keep the amount of bacteria in your mouth as low as possible, so tongue scraping could, in theory, be useful, she added. But if you are healthy and do not have halitosis, you won’t be worse off by not tongue scraping.
Nevertheless, Bertolini and Dasanayake scrape their tongues after brushing their teeth, which is twice a day for Bertolini and after every meal for Dasanayake. Laleman scrapes her tongue only when she feels her breath is bad, she acknowledged, but said that people should try it if they want to.
There are no risks associated with tongue scraping. The only potential downside: scraping too roughly and hurting your tongue, Bertolini said.
Using a tongue scraper is pretty intuitive, Dasanayake said. It’s a simple raking motion, requiring at least three or four sweeps to cover the entire tongue. He prefers tongue scrapers with serrated edges that allow you to really get into the grooves of your tongue.
If you don’t want to buy a tongue scraper, you could use a spoon, Dr Laleman said. It’s shaped similarly, but it might be harder to reach the back areas of the tongue.
Some people ask if they can use a toothbrush, but Bertolini doesn’t recommend it. For one, “the gag reflex is worse”, she said, while noting that some studies suggest that toothbrushes aren’t as effective as tongue scrapers.
“I don’t really see a downside” of trying tongue scraping, Bertolini said. If you’re curious, tongue scrapers are available at most local drugstores and are relatively inexpensive. You might experience subtle changes to your breath over time or simply enjoy the feeling of a cleaner tongue. And if nothing else, you may find it’s a nice addition to your routine.
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Hannah Seo
Photograph by: Eric Helgas
©2023 THE NEW YORK TIMES