The museum is hosting a conference about how the world is perceived by a generation born in the 1980s, bombarded by omnipresent social media and the cult of celebrity, Folkerts said.
The 12-hour symposium entitled #metamodernism is being attended by 600 artists, philosophers and thinkers from around the world.
"As we are having a 'marathon' conference inside the Stedelijk, we also wanted a reflection of that outside. Nobody can do it better than Shia and the other artists at this performance," Folkerts said.
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Thursday's performance by LaBoeuf follows a string of outlandish appearances, including when he walked out of a press conference at the Berlin Film Festival after quoting French footballer Eric Cantona's infamous allegory about the media.
"When seagulls follow the trawler it is because they think sardines will be thrown into the sea," he said.
Shia LaBeouf gets ready for a 144-lap run around Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum. Photo / AFP
He later appeared on the red carpet for the premier of director Lars von Trier's film Nymphomaniac wearing a paper bag over his head with "I am not famous anymore" written on it.
In February, LaBeouf took part in a conceptual performance at a Hollywood gallery that involved him sitting in a room which visitors were invited to enter.
LaBeouf appeared in a Manhattan court on criminal trespass charges in June this year after disrupting a Broadway musical.
- AFP