The 2017 ceremony takes place on January 8 in Beverly Hills and will be broadcast live on NBC television, organisers the Hollywood Foreign Press Association said in a statement.
Fallon, a former cast member of TV sketch show Saturday Night Live, took over NBC's flagship late night talk show in 2014, injecting the format with games and stunts.
NBC entertainment chairman Robert Greenblatt said Fallon was a great fit for the Golden Globes.
"This is the most spontaneous and uninhibited award show on television, and Jimmy's playful, disarming comedic brilliance makes him the ideal host to enhance and elevate the sense of fun and irreverence," Greenblatt said.