A disease damaging banana crops in Southeast Asia has spread to the Middle East and Africa, posing risks to world supply and trade totalling $8.9 billion, according to the United Nations' Food & Agriculture Organisation.
The TR4 strain of Panama disease, a soil-born fungus that attacks plant roots, is deadly
for the Cavendish banana that makes up about 95 per cent of supplies to importers, including North America and Europe, Fazil Dusunceli, an agriculture officer at the FAO, said by phone this week from Rome. While the disease hasn't reached top Latin America exporters such as Ecuador, Costa Rica or Colombia, TR4 was discovered in Jordan and Mozambique, indicating it moved beyond Asia, he said.
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"The export market is dominated by the Cavendish, and it is unfortunately susceptible to this particular race of the disease," Dusunceli said. "This is serious for the medium term, but at the same time we should avoid panicking too."
Global exports reached a record value in 2011 and totaled 18.7 million metric tons, making bananas the world's most widely-traded fruit, according to the most recent FAO data. The US is the top importer, followed by Belgium, the data show. Belgium's Port of Antwerp is the world's largest banana port, it says.
US consumer prices for bananas were 59.9 cents a pound in February, 2.2 per cent higher than an almost three-year low reached in October at 58.6 cents a pound, according to data from the Bureau of Labour Statistics. The export price of bananas from Ecuador, the world's biggest shipper, and Central America for US destinations was $966.85 a ton in March, the highest in 18 months, according to the International Monetary Fund.
Tens of thousands of hectares of banana crops in Indonesia, China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Australia have been destroyed since the TR4 strain of Panama disease, a type of Fusarium wilt, first appeared in Asia in the 1990s, according to Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
A different strain of Panama disease decimated another common banana variety known as Gros Michel in the 1950s, leading producers to switch to Cavendish, which was then resistant, according to the university.
"The Cavendish variety has been very successful in fighting against this disease we must acknowledge, but this is a biological cycle," Dusunceli said. "For any crop, once we develop a cultivar, then the disease develops more aggressive pathogenic strains against that crop in time. Sometimes it takes a few years, sometimes it takes decades."
Scientists are working to develop new varieties of bananas that might be resistant to the TR4 strain, "but until that time we just recommend that countries take phytosanitary measures carefully to try to contain the disease," Dusunceli said.
- Bloomberg
