The first lab-grown or cell-cultured meat was a beef burger created by scientists at Maastricht University in the Netherlands in 2013. Since then, investment has soared and dozens of US food companies, many in Silicon Valley, are working on alternatives to traditionally reared meat.
Today, global meat consumption stands at over 300 million tons a year, more than double what it was 30 years ago. Livestock is contributing to climate change, representing approximately 14.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and rising.
Meanwhile, studies have found that high intakes of red and processed meat lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease and a higher mortality rate.
A few miles across the San Francisco Bay, a company called Impossible Foods has engineered a plant-based burger that bleeds when cooked. The patty, which contains no meat, is made using an ingredient called soya leghemoglobin, better known as Heme, a protein found in meat that gives the burger its texture and taste. It is produced by fermenting genetically engineered yeast.
Sales of plant-based meat alternatives increased by 24 per cent in the US alone in the last year, according to Nielsen. Non-dairy alternatives for cheese, butter, yogurt and ice cream have grown 50 per cent in the past year and plant-based milk accounts for 15 per cent of the total market. The companies say they are deliberately targeting consumers who eat meat, since vegetarians and vegans represent less than 5 per cent of the US population.
"We applaud the vegans and vegetarians of the world, but they are a tiny fraction of the market," said an Impossible Foods spokesman. "It's only by winning over those [meat eating consumers] that we will actually make a dent in the issue here."
Beyond Meat, which makes plant-enriched burgers designed to replicate beef patties, claims to be one of the fastest growing companies in the US. The Los Angeles-based company, whose investors also include Bill Gates, has created a line of products using pea protein to mimic the look and taste of beef, pork and chicken. Its "Beyond Burger" is sold in TGI Friday's, and recently Tesco.
Impossible Foods has raised more than US$400 million ($575m) from a roster of investors that include Google Ventures and Gates. One of the world's largest food companies, Tyson Foods, is bankrolling both lab-made plant and lab-made meat products.
However, not everyone is convinced of the benefits. "There is no evidence that lab-grown meat is sustainable," Dana Perls, at Friends of the Earth, said.
But there is a more simple, and pressing, question. Does artificial meat taste any good? Judging from the response at fine dining San Francisco restaurant Jardinière, it does. Its head chef replaced the beef burger on her menu with the Impossible Burger and it proved so popular that people were queuing outside to try it before the restaurant opened.
In a similar vein, the chicken produced by Just tastes remarkably like chicken from the farm, at least when wrapped in the salty and crispy breading of a chicken nugget. More distracting may be the chicken's spongy quality.
Lowering the cost of producing lab-made meat is also a major barrier to distribution. "It's still much, much more expensive than conventional meat production," says Joshua Tetrick, Just's boss. Regulation may pose another roadblock.
Although Just is creating its products in the US, it plans to first sell in Asia. It partially blames what it calls an immature regulatory environment in the US.
Some progress is being made. The Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration recently announced they were creating a joint regulatory framework to oversee the production of cell-cultured food products. But proponents of lab-grown meat argue that what they are making will ultimately be safer.
"I can source everything that went into that," said Chris Jones, Just's head of development. Not everyone is won over, most notably the meat industry itself.
"To date, only a select few have tasted new cultured meat products, so it is impossible to say whether they will have a role in our diets," said The North American Meat Institute.
"Kudos, however, to these innovative scientists for their determination," adds the lobby group. "Imitation is the highest form of flattery."
