Side hustles are the new norm. Here's how much they really pay.

A study shows how much a side hustle, like online retail or driving for Uber, really pays. Photo / Bloomberg

The "gig economy," popularised by the likes of Uber and Airbnb, has for years been promoted as an effective way for people to make money on their own terms. But new data show that the majority of workers - 85 per cent of them - make less than US$500 a month, on average, using those services.

The home-sharing site Airbnb yielded the highest monthly return to its users, with a median income of US$440, more than double the US$210 a month earned by the median Lyft driver, according to San Francisco-based loan provider Earnest, which analysed tens of thousands of loan applications to study the impact of gig-economy jobs. (Earnings on other popular platforms included a monthly median of US$40 on craft-selling site Etsy, US$70 on delivery app Postmates, US$110 on services marketplace TaskRabbit and US$155 on ride-sharing app Uber.)

"We're starting to see that these gigs are filling in the gaps for a lot of people - a little bit of extra money here for a student loan payment, or a few hours of work there to create additional income," said Catherine New, a senior editor at Earnest. "But bigger picture, you also see that people are having to work two or three jobs to make ends meet."

Nearly one in four Americans now earns money from the digital "platform economy," according to a recent survey by the Pew Research Center. And increasingly, their experiences - and their earnings - are split between those who are supplementing their incomes with side gigs, and those who rely on those piecemeal earnings to eke out a living.

There are "profound differences" in the ways people use the gig-economy, says Aaron Smith, associate director of research on Internet and technology issues at Pew.

"A young professional who occasionally supplements her income by renting out her apartment on Airbnb is much different from a single mother who works for a ride-hailing service in between child-care obligations," Smith writes in the report.

Black and Latino workers, and those with lower household incomes, tend to take on labor-intensive tasks - driving passengers for Uber or Lyft, say, or delivering groceries through Instacart or Postmates, the survey found. Their wealthier, white counterparts were more likely to make make money by renting out rooms in their homes through Airbnb, or selling handmade or used goods online on sites like Etsy.

"In the case of gig work, workers who describe the income they earn from these platforms as 'essential' or 'important' are more likely to come from low-income households, to be non-white and to have not attended college," the report says. "They are also significantly more likely to say that they are motivated to do this sort of work because they need to be able to control their own schedule or because there are not many other jobs available to them where they live."

In either case, experts say a slow job market recovery, growing income inequality and stagnant wages - combined with ballooning student loan debt - have exacerbated financial burdens for many Americans, leading to the growing popularity of side gigs. As a result, platforms like Uber, which has more than 1 million drivers, have grown rapidly in recent years.

"While we continue to be at what is considered full-employment, the quality of each of those jobs has been dwindling, causing people to seek out new ways to supplement their full-time income," said Arun Sundararajan, a professor at New York University's Stern School of Business. "There is a lot more volatility in the world of work today than there was 20 or 30 years ago."

At the same time that it's become harder to find a stable source of income to sustain a family, it's become easier than ever to download an app that allows you to drive around passengers, rent out your bed, or stand in line for concert tickets in exchange for money, said Sundararajan, author of the book, "The Sharing Economy."

But, he added, the findings also raise concerns about whether these arrangements are in the best interest of workers. One in five Americans feels that gig-economy jobs place "too much financial burden" on workers, according to Pew, while 23 per cent said such jobs allow companies to take advantage of workers, who are often left to shoulder many of the risks and costs associated with part-time gigs. (About one-third of gig-workers also said there had been instances where they had not been paid for their work, according to Pew.)

"Labor laws, health insurance, a predictable schedule, paid vacation - all of those things are set up with the expectation that you've got a full-time job," Sundararajan said. "Long-term, we need to adapt. We're no longer in a world where there's just one employee-employer relationship."