The Storj sale is known as an initial coin offering, a model of finance spreading across the tech sector. Investors spent $470 million on tokens in the past year, more than double what VCs handed over in seed rounds, according to data compiled by coin-focused blog The Control. The haul is slated to hit $600 million in 2017, it says, adding to a market for tokens that's nearly tripled in the past year.
ICOs are possible thanks to blockchain, the catchall term for a digital ledger that promises incorruptible storage of financial transactions. Banks and stock exchanges have spent millions on it, looking for ways to cut the costs for transferring money or recording equity sales.
One of the latest to back the technology was the chief executive officer of Fidelity Investments, Abigail Johnson. Most famously, it's the technology that underpins bitcoin -- just as it does for every token offered in an ICO.
Their massive increase in popularity has more than a few detractors warning of a bubble, worried that the allure of finding the next tech lottery ticket is fueling rampant speculation. The concern is particularly acute at a time when investors are fretting about stretched valuations for tech startups, with the likes of Uber commanding multibillion-dollar price tags even as they burn through cash.
Take Gnosis, a prediction market application based on the Ethereum blockchain that raised $18 million in 12 minutes on April 24, resulting in a market cap of almost $425 million. It's generated no revenue and has little more than a white paper describing what it intends to do. Yet its tokens, which would allow users to bet on things such as election outcomes, soared eightfold in the three weeks since May 2, giving it a valuation of over $3 billion - more than the average Russell 2000 Index stock.
Gnosis's runup is just part of the craze that's gripped the cryptocurrency market in the last month, with the price of a bitcoin surging over 30 percent in the past week alone to more than $3,500. That's pushed the market capitalization of digital currencies over 50 percent higher to more than $127 billion.
Even after that surge, the market is still relatively small, though it's taking steps toward maturity as the ICO boom spreads. There are platforms to track historical prices and volume, and reports on individual issuances to help prospective buyers assess a firm's prospects.
The offerings happen outside the purview of regulators - quite by design - as technically, the coins are part of the app and not securities. ICOs don't have disclosure requirements, and the issuer can accept an unlimited number of U.S. investors, instead of the 99 vetted investors limited to traditional VC funding rounds.
The space has also been a breeding ground for scams, and some coins have turned out to be vulnerable to attacks. Hackers were able to steal $71 million from a fund called Decentralized Autonomous Organization after it raised $212 million in the biggest issuance ever in April 2016.
For entrepreneurs, the appeal is obvious. A white paper published online replaces weeks of pitches to VC firms, followed by an online auction that can take minutes. The technology can be poked and prodded by geeks around the world, providing a depth of expertise often missing at even the best Silicon Valley firms.
"You don't have to limit yourself," said Jae Kwon, who raised $24 million in a coin sale for Cosmos, which aims to provide custodian-like service for transactions across different blockchains. "There are just not that many VCs and they're not experts. People who contributed to our fundraiser are the experts."
- Bloomberg's Lily Katz contributed.
