The delinquency rate for commercial mortgages that have been packaged into bonds is forecast to climb by as much as 2.4 percentage points to 5.75 per cent in 2017, reversing several years of declines, as property owners struggle with maturing loans, according to Fitch Ratings. That sets the stage for bondholder losses.
Banks sold a record US$250b ($344b) of commercial mortgage-backed securities to institutional investors in 2007, and lax lending standards enabled landlords across the U.S. to saddle buildings with large piles of debt. When credit markets froze the following year, Wall Street analysts warned of a cataclysm, with US$700b ($963b) of commercial mortgages set to mature over the next decade.
"At the depths of the panic, it was just that: panic," said Manus Clancy, a managing director at Trepp LLC, a firm that tracks commercial-mortgage debt. "That made people's future expectations extremely bearish. Extremely low interest rates over the last four or five years have forgiven a lot of sins."
The CMBS market roared back after an 16-month shutdown, and lenders plowed into real estate as an antidote to skimpy returns for other investments. The cheap loans helped propel property values to record highs in big cities such as New York and San Francisco, alleviating concerns about the mountain of debt coming due.
Credit for property owners has once again become scarce in some pockets. Borrowing costs jumped following the surprise election of President Donald Trump, and Wall Street firms are being more cautious as new regulations kick in requiring them to hold a stake in the mortgages they sell off. Other lenders are scaling back on commitments to property types and locations where problems have gotten harder to ignore.
Lenders are taking an increasingly dim view of retail properties -- especially malls -- as the growth of e-commerce eats into sales at brick-and-mortar stores. Malls tend to have higher loss rates than other property types after a default, increasing the stigma for lenders, according to Lea Overby, an analyst at Morningstar Credit Ratings.
When malls "start to go downhill, if nothing is done to turn the ship around, they plummet," Overby said. "The fate of some of these malls is very, very uncertain."
The Sunset Mall in San Angelo, Texas, added a glow-in-the-dark mini golf course in June, part of a nationwide trend of retailers trying to lure customers with experiences they can't find online. Yet when a US$28 million ($38.5m)mortgage came due in December, the borrower couldn't refinance it, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The debt, part of a bond deal sold by Citigroup and Deutsche Bank in March 2007, was handed off to a firm specializing in troubled loans.
A similar storyline is playing out at a 82,000-square-foot (7,600-square-meter) suburban office complex in Norfolk, Virginia, whose tenants include health-care services firms. The borrower stopped making payments on a US$20m ( $27.5m) loan that comes due next month and can't refinance the debt, Bloomberg data show.
Representatives for the owners of the properties didn't respond to phone calls seeking comment on the loans.
Landlords that own high-profile buildings in big cities are faring better. At 5 Times Square, the Manhattan headquarters for Ernst & Young LLP, the owners are close to securing a five-year loan to pay off US$1b ($1.4b) in debt that comes due in March, according to Scott Rechler, chief executive officer of RXR Realty, which owns 49 per cent of the building. RXR acquired its stake in the 39-story tower shortly after the building was sold to real estate investor David Werner for US$1.5b ($2b) in 2014.
"We are currently reviewing term sheets from a number of institutions and expect to settle on a lender within a week or so," Rechler said.
Some borrowers chipped away at the maturity wall by retiring their mortgages early in order to take advantage of ultra-low interest rates. At the same time, landlords with the weakest properties have already defaulted, further reducing the pool of loans that need to be refinanced. The maturity wall has been whittled down to about US$90b (123b) from US$250b ($344b) in 2008, according to data from Morningstar.
S&P analysts are predicting that about 13 per cent of real estate loans coming due will ultimately default, up from 8 per cent over the past two years, according to Dennis Sim, a researcher at the firm. That's their base case, but the default rate could be higher, he said.
"There are a lot of headwinds currently -- with the interest-rate increase, with the new administration coming in, and also risk retention," Sim said. "Those three wild-card factors could also play a role in how some of the better-performing loans are able to refinance or not."
