Each public embarrassment for Facebook is a building block that makes us a little savvier about the influence of internet technologies. Photo / Ariel Davis, The New York Times
With each Facebook crisis, we become savvier about the influence of tech companies on our lives.
In Facebook's major scandals of the last five years, some of the scary details or breathless conclusions have been off base. But each one has moved us closer to essential truths about how Facebook affects our lives.
In 2016, the worst fears were that a wildfire of Russian propaganda on Facebook persuaded a bunch of Americans to vote for Donald Trump. In 2018, people spun yarns that the political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica brainwashed us with data they vacuumed up from Facebook users. Not quite right.
In the firestorms, there may have been too much credit given to the Kremlin, Cambridge Analytica and Facebook — and too little to human free will.
And in Facebook's crisis du jour, kicked off by a whistleblower's claims that the company repeatedly chose its short-term corporate interests over the good of humanity, some nuance has likely been lost. Instagram's internal research about the app's influence on teenage girls' mental health does not appear conclusive, as some researchers told me and NPR reported.
So yes, we have all gotten stuff wrong about Facebook. The company, the public and people in power have at times oversimplified, sensationalised, misdiagnosed the problems or botched the solutions. We focused on how the heck Facebook allowed Macedonian teenagers to grab Americans' attention with fabricated news and did less to address why so many people believed it.
Each public embarrassment for Facebook, though, is a building block that makes us a little savvier about the influence of these still relatively new internet technologies in our lives. The real power of the scandals is the opportunity to ask: Holy moly, what is Facebook doing to us? And what are we doing to one another?
Kate Klonick, a law school professor, told me that when she started as a doctoral student at Yale Law School in 2015, she was told that her interest in internet companies' governance of online speech was not a subject for serious legal research and publication. Online life was not considered real life, she explained. Russian election propaganda, Cambridge Analytica and other Facebook news in the years that followed changed that perception.
"Those stories have done one huge thing: They've started to make people take the power of technology companies seriously," Klonick said.
That is one thing that is different about this Facebook episode from all the ones that came before. We are wiser. And we are ready. There is a coterie of former tech insiders and outside professionals who have studied Facebook and other tech superpowers for years, and they are armed with proposed fixes for the harms that these companies perpetrate.
Another difference in 2021 is the presence of Frances Haugen, the former product manager at Facebook who seems to be the right messenger with the right message at the right time.
I want to resist the comparisons that some senators and Facebook critics have made between the company and cigarette makers. The products are not analogous. But the comparison is apt in a different way.
For decades, there were warnings about the harmful effects of smoking and big tobacco companies covering it up. In the 1990s, a whistleblower — Jeffrey S. Wigand, a former executive from Brown & Williamson Tobacco — crystallised and confirmed years of suspicions and helped compel US government authorities to act.
Haugen, like Wigand, went public with damning firsthand knowledge and documents, and a compelling story to tell to a public that was ready to hear it. That magical formula can change everything for a company or industry.
"We are moved by stories," Erik Gordon, a professor at the University of Michigan business school, told me. "The facts don't have to be bulletproof. They have to be enough to give a good story credibility."
I do not know if this is Facebook's Big Tobacco moment. Haugen was not the first former Facebook insider who sounded alarms about the company. After Wigand's bombshell disclosures, it took a couple more years for the US government's crackdown on the tobacco industry to get real. And, of course, people still smoke.
Blame is a blunt instrument, but at each Facebook crossroad, we learn to wield blame more judiciously. Facebook and other online companies are not responsible for the ills of the world, but they have made some of them worse. We get it now.
The answers are not easy, but Haugen is directing our attention straight at Facebook's molten core: its corporate culture, organisational incentives and designs that bring out the worst in humanity. And she is saying that Facebook cannot fix itself. A wiser public must step in.
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Shira Ovide
Photographs by: Ariel Davis
© 2021 THE NEW YORK TIMES