Fooled? A still from a deep fake clip of Barack Obama (see link to video in article).
Fooled? A still from a deep fake clip of Barack Obama (see link to video in article).
A new study funded by the Law Foundation highlights the risk of "deep fakes" on social media - which co-author Tom Barraclough says "make it look or sound like something happened when it didn't".
Examples range from a synthetic, younger version of Carrie Fisher being inserted into Rogue One: AStar Wars Story to popular Snapchat face-swapping filters to pornographers putting famous Hollywood stars' faces onto adult actors in X-rated scenes.
A synthetic Carrie Fisher as a young Princess Leia in Rogue One: A Star Wars story (2016). The late Fisher's face was traced onto actress Ingvild Deila.
But Barraclough says we have multiple laws and guidelines that already cater to the risk - primarily the Crimes Act, which covers when deception is used for gain, the Harmful Digital Communications Act, which covers when it's used for malice and the Privacy Act because "the wrong personal information is still personal information".
Barraclough and his co-author Curtis Barnes (both lawyers turned researchers at the Brainbox Institute) warn that fake is a slippery concept.
"One person's great satire is another person's deceptive factual record," Barraclough tells the Herald.
Barraclough and Barnes report emerged, in part, from the fear that a deep fake attack on a political or business leader would lead to what he calls a "kneejerk" reaction from lawmakers.
Specific legislation targetting deep fakes, such as The Malicious Deep Fake Prohibition Act introduced to the US senate last year, risks violating human rights, Barraclough says.
"While there are legitimate harms that will justify getting the law involved, there are also human rights risks and risks of over-reach certain forms of human expression."
He says most of the time, "deep fake" technology is used by playfully, or as satire.
Exhibit A for his human expression argument is local satirist Tom Sainsbury, who uses a face-swapping app for his satirical political clips on Facebook - often targeting Simon Bridges or Paula Bennett.
Comedian Tom Sainsbury uses a simple SnapChat filter to impersonate politicians like Paula Bennett. The report's authors say such obvious satire could get stamped on by over-reaching legislation.
Deep fake technology can be convincing - check out this clip of "Barack Obama" (warning language), or adept - watch this effort by US company DeepTrace that puts Steve Buscemi's face onto actress Jennifer Lawrence's body to show off its chops.
