David McLeish: What if rate hikes do more harm than good?

Reserve Bank Governor Adrian Orr. Photo / Mark Mitchell

Opinion

Is conventional wisdom sending us into recession? The response to rampant inflation is sharply higher interest rates. This is conventional wisdom, but is it right?

One thing is for sure, there will be huge consequences if it's not, writes David McLeish from Fisher Funds.

We are told our high-inflation environment has worrying similarities to the 1970s and that much higher interest rates are needed to head-off rising prices before they become self-sustaining.

The common belief underpinning this is that inflation only really gets going when people come to believe prices will keep rising.

Much like today, surging prices back in the 70s weren't just assumed to be a result of short-term supply disruptions, which they were. Instead, people thought they were a harbinger of things to come.

We are told higher inflation expectations must be avoided at all costs

The story goes that to break this vicious cycle of high prices begetting higher prices, tough decisions are needed, and that they fall on the shoulders of central banks and their primary policy tool – interest rates.

Hiking interest rates as quickly and as high as they did in the late 70s and early 80s triggered a severe recession. But, despite this, conventional thinking remains that this was necessary to avoid out-of-control inflation becoming entrenched.

It is because of this that, central banks place considerable weight on what financial assets and surveys tell them about people's expectations for future inflation.

To understand just how engrained this theory is in our Reserve Bank's current thinking look no further than the last Monetary Policy Statement where the Bank stated, "the most significant risk to be avoided at present was longer-term inflation expectations rising above the target and becoming embedded".

The evidence that inflation expectations lead to inflation is patchy

Just like many other previously well-held economic theories before it, the idea that inflation is caused by inflation expectations also has some alarming holes in it.

Firstly, ask yourself, was the current bout of inflation preceded by higher inflation expectations? Not in the slightest. Inflation expectations only started rising after inflation itself began to rise.

It makes more sense to me that employers and employees arrive at prices and wages based on the conditions they've recently experienced. Not what they expect to happen in the future. At least that has been the basis for the wage discussions I've been part of.

What's interesting is that even some central bankers have begun questioning this theory.

Just last year, a senior adviser at the US Federal Reserve wrote a 27-page paper refuting this mainstream economic theory.

It's titled "Why Do We Think That Inflation Expectations Matter for Inflation? (And Should We?)" and is freely available on the internet if you're interested.

To me, the risk of misdiagnosing our inflation problem seems high. But administering the wrong kind of medicine is also a distinct possibility.

David McLeish, senior portfolio manager fixed interest at Fisher Funds. Photo / Supplied

The problem isn't too much demand; it's too little supply.

Rising interest rates make it more expensive for consumers and businesses to borrow money. The hope is that this will reduce people's demand for things. Bringing it back in line with supply. That would seem a reasonable response to an economy that was overheating from too much demand.

But too much demand isn't the problem. In fact, quite the opposite. Surging living costs are already causing the demand outlook to sour. Wages are not keeping pace with costs, which is depressing consumer and business confidence, and falling house prices threaten to throw years of household wealth creation into reverse.

Prices are going up because of global supply concerns, brought about by exogenous factors like the War in Ukraine, pandemic-induced logistics problems, and reduced availability of resources. The degree to which demand would need to fall to offset these factors severely risks driving the economy into recession.

Households are facing a cost-of-living crisis, even without further interest rate hikes

The four largest, non-discretionary expenses in the Household Living-Costs Price Index (housing, food, transport, and interest payments) have risen by a weighted average of 8.9 per cent in the past 12 months.

Ratcheting up interest rates may put downward pressure on housing-related costs in time. But it seems more likely, at least in the short term, that quickly rising borrowing costs will exert yet more pain on an economy already reeling from inflation.

A less discussed side-effect of much higher interest rates could also be less supply. Prices embed an important signal effect. Higher prices tell buyers to buy less and producers to produce more until supply and demand are again balanced.

But at a time when producers are struggling with labour shortages and supply chain snarl-ups; will they feel compelled to expand production in the face of higher borrowing costs?

A considered approach to raising interest rates reduces the risk of a policy error

Economic theory aside, raising interest rates into a moderating growth picture is a tricky business, especially considering the impact of these changes typically take six to 12 months to be fully felt.

Just as low-dose medication can reduce the impact of misdiagnosis or side-effects, a similarly slower pace than the 0.5 per cent increments in which the Reserve Bank is hiking the Official Cash Rate should be considered.

• David McLeish is a Senior Portfolio Manager – Fixed Interest at Fisher Funds.