"Everyone thought that with the meeting and summit we had the European situation more or less wrapped up, but the news of the cancellation creates a lot of negatives with respect to a near-term resolution," Steven Neimeth, a money manager at SunAmerica Asset Management in Jersey City, New Jersey, told Reuters.
Wednesday's summit is aimed at boosting the region's rescue fund, recapitalising banks and easing Greece's debt burden.
The Stoxx Europe 600 index ended the day with a 0.7 per cent fall.
In afternoon trading in New York, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 0.81 per cent, the Standard & Poor's 500 Index dropped 1.04 per cent and the Nasdaq Composite Index shed 1.27 per cent.
It was an environment that increased the appeal of US Treasuries, sending yields on 30-year bonds 12 basis points lower to 3.15 per cent.
"The market is very concerned that Europe will not step up to the plate," Gary Pollack, head of fixed-income trading at Deutsche Bank AG's Private Wealth Management unit in New York, told Bloomberg News. "It's driving demand across the entire Treasury curve."
There were a few bright spots. Xerox posted earnings that exceeded expectations.