Transportation remains snarled in the UK and France as a winter storm buffets the area, renewing concerns about the economic outlook. In Germany, a weekend electoral loss for Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition could block efforts for her government to pass legislation.
US markets were closed for the Martin Luther King Jr holiday on Monday as President Barack Obama celebrated the official start of his second four-year term.
Republicans are gearing up for a Wednesday vote that is expected to provide temporary relief for the US Treasury's debt ceiling, expected to be reached as early as next month.
The yen rose against the greenback, climbing from the lowest level since June 2010, amid expectations the Bank of Japan will announce further monetary policy easing measures.
The central bank's two-day policy meeting is expected to result in a doubling of the inflation target and an expansion of its asset-purchase program. The BOJ will increase asset purchases this week, according to all 23 economists in a Bloomberg News survey, with the median estimate for a 10 trillion-yen increase.
"It's hard to see what the BOJ could say ... that would exceed market expectations," Daragh Maher, a currency strategist at HSBC Holdings in London, told Bloomberg News. "It's a natural positioning ahead of the Bank of Japan's meeting given the yen's decline."