That also dispels the slacker myth, since much of that gain has come from increased amounts of paid work. Total labour force participation has risen strongly during most of their working lifetimes. What's more, income has gained in every quintile of the distribution, and for all races.
Yet there's also a dark side to the Gen X story, which is yet to play out. Although they make more money than their parents, Gen Xers have far less wealth. Fewer than 50 per cent of Gen Xers in every income bracket are wealthier than their parents at the same age. This is probably because Gen Xers are more educated than their parents, so they started earning money later in life. But it's also the result of two other trends: 1) the declining savings rates and 2) lower returns on assets.
Personal savings rates have been declining since the mid-1970s. Even with more income, you can't build wealth unless you save it. Gen Xers have been saving less and consuming more.
Why? One reason is - you guessed it - student loans. College costs are counted as consumption, but a large part of that spending is actually an investment: You invest in your own human capital when you get a college degree.
The dramatic rise in the price of college, coupled with parents' decreased willingness to pay those price increases, represents a price shock that has hit the middle class particularly hard.
The dramatic rise in the price of college, coupled with parents' decreased willingness to pay those price increases, represents a price shock that has hit the middle class particularly hard. The student debt that has resulted from that adverse shock means that Gen Xers have had to pay more for their lifetime income than their parents did.
The Pew report confirms this part of the story. The decline in wealth that Gen Xers have experienced, relative to their parents, has been more severe for high earners than for low earners. This is because high earners are likely to have more student debt (and to delay their careers longer). That definitely doesn't fit with the story, heard in some parts, which says that Americans have been over-consuming in order to keep up the appearance of being richer than they are.
There's one more part to this story. Gen Xers might have behaved as "target savers," or letting the markets do their savings for them. This would have made sense if dramatic rises in the stock market in the 1980s and 1990s were repeated in later decades. Instead, they were reversed. The real annualised return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index between 1985 and 2000 was 15.4 per cent a year. Between 2000 and 2014, it was only 1.9 per cent a year.
The Pew data goes only to 2011, meaning that it missed the bull market of 2012 through 2014. That bull market undoubtedly made up for some of Gen X's wealth deficit. But it also took stock valuations to an unusually high level, meaning that stockholders can probably expect flatter returns in the next couple of decades than in the past two. In short, the market has not done Gen X's saving for it.
So when we look at Generation X, we see a very different picture than the shaggy-headed slacker caricature of the 1990s. We see a generation that has put in lots of extra hours to eke out income gains, mortgaged much of its future to get an education, and seen its savings hammered.
In other words, we see a bunch of hard-working, future-oriented people who have been treated badly by the job market, the education market, the housing market and the stock market.
If I were a Gen Xer, I would wonder if maybe I shouldn't have slacked off after all.
Smith is an assistant professor of finance at Stony Brook University and a freelance writer for finance and business publications.
- Bloomberg
