At the moment, 57 per cent of employers say they perform drug tests, according to the National Safety Council. Out of those, more than 40 percent don't screen for synthetic opioids like oxycodone -- among the most widely abused narcotics, and one of the substances that new federal rules are targeting.
Starting next month, many federal government employees who take drug tests will have to submit to a more extensive screening -- one response to a spiraling crisis. Opioids killed about 33,000 Americans in 2015, more than any other year on record. Private companies aren't obliged to follow Washington's lead, but in such areas they often do.
Factories, with their heavy machinery, are where drug-abusing workers can do the most immediate harm to themselves and their colleagues. Even there, employers are tempted to look the other way, according to Mike Galiazzo, president of the Regional Manufacturing Institute of Maryland.
"I have heard manufacturers over the years say, 'We wish we didn't have to test for drugs,' because they lose money when they can't fill those positions,'' he said.
Hiring is becoming tougher in any case. While the economy has steadily added jobs since the financial crisis ended, the available pool of workers hasn't expanded to match. The share of working-age Americans in the labor market is stuck at about 63 percent, down more than four percentage points since 2000 -- the same period in which the opioid epidemic took off. There's an "extreme shortage of skilled workers,'' Galiazzo says.
Drugs are probably at least partly to blame for that, too. There's a growing consensus among economists that opioid abuse has contributed to the shrinking workforce. Fed chair Janet Yellen has flagged the issue. Princeton's Alan Krueger estimates that drugs may account for one-fifth of the drop among men.
For businesses, the labor squeeze plus the opioid crisis are making it especially hard to expand quickly when they get new orders, says Drew Greenblatt, owner and president of Marlin Steel Wire Products in Baltimore, which makes industrial-strength metal baskets used in factories. "We just nailed a huge job and we need to hire three people,'' he said. "We're banging our heads against the wall.''
And there's no guarantee that new hires will stick around. Drug problems are accelerating the turnover among staff.
"In the last three weeks, we've had six people come, get trained, and then are no-call, no-shows,'' Greenblatt said. He said the biggest loss comes from taking high-performing employees out of the production process so they can train new hires. "That person is diverted into the completely unproductive task of teaching someone who's going to leave in a day or two.''
Productivity growth in the U.S. economy has been slowing for decades. There's little consensus about the causes. But there are signs that the spread of drug-abuse could be contributing to the problem.
The National Safety Council survey found that 29 per cent of employers reported impaired job performance due to prescription-painkiller use, while 15 per cent cited an injury or near miss that they attributed to the drugs. As many as 70 per cent said their workforce had been affected in some way.
In some cases, the growing drug problem puts employers in the position of having to fire employees who'd been doing their jobs perfectly well.
"We caught someone recently, saw him injecting,'' said Jay Steinmetz, chief executive of Barcoding Inc. The Baltimore company creates software, and provides equipment, that helps businesses manage their inventory. It's a desk environment, with none of the grinding machinery that poses risks for Tulkoff's staff.
Still, "once we witnessed this we were forced to take action,'' or break the law, Steinmetz said. "Could he have worked with opioids in his body? Absolutely.''
He concludes that the problem for employers isn't just the opioid epidemic, but the legal regime that's emerging to combat it: "A huge interruption of business.'' Steinmetz is well aware of the human costs too: One of his smartest technicians, "a savant genius kid,'' died almost a decade ago from recreational Oxycontin.
As awareness grows, prescription of such painkillers has been leveling off, and deaths from prescription drugs have stabilized.
But in some cases, users are switching to heroin or illegal synthetics like fentanyl. Not only are those drugs more dangerous, they can also be difficult to catch. Heroin metabolizes very quickly. Fentanyl isn't usually one of the substances screened for.
"The detection window in a urine drug test is relatively short,'' said Barry Sample, the director of science and technology at Quest Diagnostics, a health-care and drug-testing company. If an addict can substitute something else for heroin or gets temporarily clean, "you're probably not going to find anything a week later.''
Tulkoff describes what happened the last time one of his workers was subjected to random tests, which have led to the firing of four employees in the past five years, out of a staff of about 80 at the Baltimore plant.
The employee went to the clinic and provided a sample that wasn't at the right temperature, an indication that it was probably someone else's urine. He then sat at the clinic until it closed, without giving another one.
When he returned after the weekend for a second test, "that one came back clean,'' Tulkoff said. "It's very suspicious. But unfortunately we don't have any hard evidence.'' That happened a couple of weeks ago; since then, he's decided to double the rate of testing.
