The British & Irish Lions rugby tour officials will have taken steps to guard against the Manchester type of attack that killed 22 and injured 59, according to an internationally-renowned New Zealand security researcher.
Dr Bridgette Sullivan-Taylor, senior lecturer in Strategy and International Business at the University of Auckland Business School, is conducting research in New Zealand and overseas, focusing on strategic resilience in the face of extreme events.
The Manchester suicide bombing revealed a new terrorism tactic - attacking a crowd leaving a music concert as opposed to gaining entry and detonating inside.
It led to suggestions terrorists are trying new methods because security has tightened so much when it comes to bag and body searches and getting inside venues. Add to that the recent spate of vehicles used as weapons (Stockholm, April; London, March; Berlin, December 2016; Nice, July 2016; London again last weekend) and a picture emerges of new ways of delivering a terror attack.
Preventive suggestions following Manchester include the use of vapour-wake dogs which sniff the air, seeking the odour of explosives, as opposed to bomb dogs which sniff the ground or bags. Australian MP and counter-radical expert Anne Aly has also suggested making people leave a venue in single file - concerts and other gatherings in Australia often have little or no management of people flow when the event is over.
Sullivan-Taylor, who helped with the review of the UK's National Security Strategy and Civil Contingencies Act under then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, says measures like that will already have been discussed by Lions officials and authorities here.
Large crowds, such as those at All Black test matches, were in theory exposed to the same kind of risk as at the Manchester Arena but she says the British experience, policies and procedures at sporting events will have come into play even before Manchester, when Lions officials were preparing for the tour.
"The Lions will have had their people out here doing their due diligence; what happened in Manchester will only have sharpened their focus and their work with local security authorities.
"I am sure they will be reassessing their plans and contingencies at all stages of the tour. It is expected the countries the team visits have high standards of risk management and are prepared for extreme events.
"The government has a duty of care to do rigorous risk management, assessment and due diligence for touring teams; it's reported the Lions team has already switched hotels in Wellington due to earthquake concerns," she says.
Sullivan-Taylor also worked in London ahead of the 2012 Olympics and says police and security experts were focused on the movement of people to and from major events and risks relating to crowds in 'open spaces in public places'.
"The British are highly practised in moving large numbers of people efficiently and quickly after big events," she says. "It stems from football hooliganism; their system of moving large numbers of people quickly links into critical national infrastructure, like trains and buses. It's very good - and includes a lot of different ways of watching and protecting crowds."
However, she says there is no doubt the attack at the Manchester Arena highlighted a new area of weakness: "I am not sure how many music and entertainment venues have consistent bag and body searches and even those that do probably don't manage crowd egress as well as they do entry.
"It does raise the general question of who is responsible [for security at entertainment venues]," she says. "It's not like airports where, for example, governments are responsible - there are rigorous layers of security people have to pass through; it is more difficult to attack airports now."
Yet people thought nothing about heightened security these days - not even after the foiled terrorism plot involving liquid explosives aboard seven transatlantic airliners in August 2006. Security regarding liquids at airports and on planes had become a fact of life.
"No one thinks twice about it now," she says, "and that is the sort of measure that might have to apply in other environments."
Sullivan-Taylor's ongoing research centres on organisational resilience and how businesses are guarding against such an 'extreme event' and whether they need to take the threat more seriously - preparing in a way allowing quicker recovery and less damage to the economy.
"In a New Zealand context, we have concentrated on an extreme event like earthquakes first, for obvious reasons," she says. "But now we are looking at terrorism, cyber-security and other issues and seeing how boards and managements are set up to make decisions on such priorities and mitigate the risks."
The research has already shown few societies think such an extreme event will happen to them and in Britain there wasn't really a mind shift until the July 2005 London Underground 7/7 bombings and the 2006 transatlantic airliners scare.
That alarmed the UK government because, like New Zealand, many public institutions like utility companies had been sold off; 80 per cent of critical public infrastructure in Britain was privately owned - so Sullivan-Taylor's work on civic contingencies was given sharp focus.
Now her research is exploring whether and how New Zealand companies, big and small, are prepared for such an event and if there are networks in place to help the community and the economy recover if an extreme event strikes.
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