Electric cars and planes, denser housing, fewer cows and no new LPG connections from 2035 are part of the vision laid out for New Zealand to meet its climate change obligations.
The Climate Change Commission unveiled its long-awaited final report today, which lays out three pathways for New Zealand to meet its greenhouse gas reduction obligations by 2050.
It follows a draft report released on January 31, which warned the country was on track to fall millions of tonnes short of hitting targets under current climate-change policies.
The final report, tabled in Parliament today, warns this has worsened under the latest emissions data from 2019, which showed New Zealand's emissions continuing to rise.
This meant New Zealand's three emissions budgets - the amount of emissions the country can emit over three periods to 2050 - had increased slightly, although the targets remained the same meaning, a "slightly harder job" lay ahead.
The commission also recommended further reductions to meet the Paris Climate Agreement, limiting temperature increases to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
Commission chair Dr Rod Carr said the wide-ranging advice that would significantly alter New Zealand's economy, society and energy use was "achievable" and had broad support.
Now the Government must decide how it will respond to the roadmap, along with enacting an emission reduction plan by the end of the year as required under the Zero Carbon Act.
New Zealand has until 2050 to reach net zero emissions of long-lived gases and to reduce biogenic methane emissions by between 24 per cent and 47 per cent.
The commission received more than 15,000 submissions on its draft report, and made slight alterations in seven key areas as a result.
In all, greenhouse gas emissions would have to drop 42 per cent from 2019 levels by 2035 – around the same proportion that gross carbon dioxide would need to fall by.
This was 6 per cent higher than the previous advice, based on 2018 levels.
The final report proposed the first three "emissions budgets" to get there.
To begin with, a 12 per cent reduction (from 2019 levels) was required from 2022 to 2025, followed by a 27 per cent drop between 2025 and 2030; and finally a cut of 42 per cent by 2035.
This was based on reducing the 2019 "budget" of 78 million tonnes of C02 equivalent to 72.4 by 2025, 62.4 by 2030 and 50.6 by 2035.
The commissioners noted the good news was New Zealand could achieve a lot of what was needed without having to wait around for game-changing technology.
Petrol car imports would need to be wound down by 2032 and nearly all vehicles entering the country's fleet would need to be electric by 2035.
An industry co-led pricing system, sparing agriculture from joining the Emissions Trading Scheme, would have to truly work – and even then, livestock numbers as a result could have to fall by 15 per cent this decade.
The commission recommended planting many more trees – an extra 380,000ha of exotic forestry by 2035, along with an annual 25,000ha of native forest by 2030, until at least 2050.
By 2035, 60 per cent of New Zealand's energy would need to come from renewable sources and there would be no new LPG connections.
And by mid-century, low and medium temperature heat in industry and buildings would come from electricity and biomass.
Also among the bold steps the Climate Change Commission laid out were an end to coal heating, greener homes and a waste-stripping "circular" economy.
There were seven key changes to the draft advice, ranging from a slight increase to the emissions budget, stronger partnership with iwi, a focus on equity, closer analysis of emerging technologies and the costs and impacts on GDP.
The refined economic forecasts would cut .5 per cent from annual GDP in 2035 and 1.2 per cent in 2050. But this was half the impact of not making any changes, expected to be 1 per cent in 2035 and 2.3 per cent in 2050.
The commission now predicts fewer EVs will be in the fleet in early budget periods than first projected, because of supply constraints.
In accepting the latest report, Ardern referenced her speech four years ago in Auckland when she compared climate change to the nuclear-free movement.
"The movement of the 1980s represented a life or death situation for the Pacific, and so does this."
Ardern called for bold, cross-Parliament action.
"When I first entered Parliament, more than 10 years ago, climate change was the subject of a select committee, questioning its existence. Things have shifted."
Based on the latest data, New Zealand needed to be "more ambitious", she said.
"And we need to start making changes as a nation now.
"The transition to a low emissions future for Aotearoa New Zealand will create jobs and new opportunities for Kiwi businesses, help reduce household energy bills, and secure our recovery from Covid-19," Ardern said.
"There will also be benefits to health because of warmer, drier homes, more walking and cycling and less air pollution."
The commission had also made clear the costs of delaying action, Ardern said.
"It is smarter and cheaper to act now, and that's why we've spent the last three and a half years laying the foundations for a prosperous, low-emissions economy.
"But we can see from the commission's advice there is more to do.
"We need to ensure the way we get around, how we grow our food, and where we get energy from to keep our homes, schools, and hospitals warm is consistent with our climate targets.
"How we'll do this will be set out in an Emissions Reduction Plan that will be published before the end of the year."
Climate Change Minister James Shaw said the release of the advice marks a significant moment in the work the Government is doing to build a low-emissions future for Aotearoa New Zealand.
"We have done more to fight the climate crisis in the last three and a half years than the combined efforts of governments over the past three and a half decades, including becoming one of the first countries in the world to put the 1.5C global warming threshold into law.
"However we are yet to see a sustained decline in the pollution we put into the atmosphere. And even when we do, we need to ensure that decline continues and, in fact, picks up pace, every year until we hit net-zero. The commission's advice makes clear that this is possible, but only if we act now.
"They have set out a pathway that would need every part of the Government to come to the table and commit to further action to bring down emissions in their sector. If we can do that, then we can reverse the current trend and finally bring emissions down in line with what science requires.
The commission advice recommends that the Government recycle revenue from the Emissions Trading Scheme back into emissions reductions programmes. Finance Minister Grant Robertson has already committed to doing this from Budget 2022.
The Resources Minister came to the select committee sporting a Make NZ Great Again hat.