A beginner’s gardening glossary

When thumbing through seed catalogues or plant-care manuals, you're likely to encounter at least some descriptions that elude you. So here's a cheat sheet to help navigate the offerings – and maybe impress your gardening friends.

Poking holes into compacted soil with a garden fork or aeration machine to facilitate the flow of oxygen to plant roots.

Organic matter such as compost or manure added to soil to improve its fertility, drainage, water retention or structure.

A plant that completes its life cycle in one year, regardless of climate.

Plants, typically roses, trees and shrubs, that are dug out of the ground and sold without soil or containers.

A plant that completes its life cycle in two years.

Premature flowering of crops like lettuce and beets that renders them bitter or otherwise lessens their quality.

The name assigned to a plant using the Latin-based terminology developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. Using a plant's botanical name (also referred to as its “scientific name”) eliminates the risk of confusing it with other plants.

Spreading seeds over a large area, either by hand or machine, instead of planting in rows.

A traditionally bell-shaped item placed over plants to protect them from insect or frost damage.

An enclosure placed around plants to create a greenhouse effect and extend the growing season.

A nickname used in certain circles or geographical regions to describe a plant. Because different plants can share a common name — and one plant can have several — their use can confuse gardeners.

Grouping specific plants together based on the benefits they provide for each other. Those benefits can include attracting pollinators, deterring pests or serving as a living trellis.

The practice of removing spent – or dead – flowers from a plant to encourage repeat blooming, prevent self-sowing or simply keep plants looking tidy.

Plants, trees or shrubs that lose their leaves in autumn or winter.

Direct sow: Planting seeds directly into the garden rather than starting them in containers indoors and transplanting them outdoors later.

A plant that emerges and fades relatively quickly, often in spring.

Plants, trees or shrubs that do not lose their leaves in autumn or winter but remain green year-round.

Applying liquid fertiliser directly to leaves rather than soil.

The initial growth of a sprout from a seed.

The process of gradually acclimating a plant to a different, usually harsher, climate, such as outdoors from indoors, in order to increase its resiliency.

A plant in its original form that has not been hybridised or cross-pollinated with other species or varieties. Heirloom seeds reliably produce plants that “grow true” or hold the same characteristics as the plants from which they were collected.

The practice of mounding soil up against new above-ground growth, as is done with potato plants.

A plant variety that has been deliberately cultivated in a controlled setting, usually by cross-pollinating, in order to acquire new, desirable characteristics such as bloom colour, disease resistance, fragrance, size, hardiness, taste or shelf life, among others.

The practice of scattering seeds or bulbs in such a way that they either appear to have spread naturally or, in areas such as the lawn, where they are allowed to spread without boundaries.

Non-synthetic material, such as decomposed plants and animals, manure, compost and leaf mould, used to improve the fertility, structure and other attributes of soil.

Plants with a life cycle that is longer than two years. Perennials may die back to the ground over winter and return year after year or remain evergreen throughout their lifespan.

In gardening, the pH scale determines the acidity or alkalinity of soil, compost and water. The lower the reading, the more acidic the soil; the higher the reading, the more alkaline. A reading of 7.0 is considered neutral.

The practice of using your thumb and index finger to remove small shoots and stems, usually to encourage the growth of side shoots.

Scratching, cutting, nicking or otherwise lightly damaging the hard surface of a seed to facilitate germination.

A term used to describe plants that spread by dropping seeds onto the soil around them. Those seeds germinate, root and grow into more plants. Also called “self-sowing.”

To sprinkle a line of granular, powdered or pelleted fertiliser (or other amendments) alongside a row of plants rather than incorporate it into the soil or planting hole.

The process of exposing seeds or bulbs to cold temperatures, typically in a refrigerator or freezer, to emulate the outdoor winter conditions necessary for successful spring germination.

To apply fertiliser or amendments like compost or manure directly to the soil above and around plants.

Wet roots, usually resulting from poorly draining or oversaturated soil.

The use of drought-tolerant plants in the landscape for water-conservation purposes. Also called “water-wise gardening.”