Salt water was generally safer than fresh water, due to the pathogen-killing effect of salt.
For bacteria and viruses, the sea was usually safer than a lake or river.
Moving water was also generally safer than still water, so a river would usually be safer than a lake, and sea water on an open coast safer than a harbour.
"Even if there are no warning signs there may still be some risk," Dr Benito said.
"Use common sense, as a range of environmental factors can affect the quality of recreational water.
"Consider what might flow into the area you intend to swim in, such as stormwater from outfall pipes, stormwater run-off, stock waste, failing septic tanks and boats emptying their toilets.
"Look at the water for signs of contamination, such stagnant, muddy or cloudy water.
"If the water is cloudy, there is visible scum, an odd smell or colour, or you cannot see your feet in knee-deep water, it may not be safe to swim."
* Test results can be seen at www.nrc.govt.nz/swimming