Many studies have shown that water quality guidelines and standards have been exceeded as a result of intensive agricultural activities.
Here are some stock wintering options that can achieve good environmental results, are animal-friendly and make economic sense.
Feed and stand-off pads protect soil physical structure over wet periods.
The feed pad is a dedicated concrete platform where supplementary feeds are brought to the stock. It has higher feed efficiency as the wastage is reduced to about 5 per cent compared with 20 per cent or more when silage is fed in paddocks.
Stand-off pads are a dedicated loafing area for stock.
These pads are constructed using a softer, free-draining surface utilising materials like wood chips.
As stock can be withheld from pasture for longer periods of time, the area required per cow has to be bigger — say about 8m2.
Capture of effluent is an important aspect of stand-off pads. It requires the base to be sealed underneath, either with compact clay or artificial liner or concrete, and the captured effluent directed to a treatment system.
Animal shelters are gaining popularity.
Herd homes are a combination of a feeding platform, stand-off facility and animal shelter.
Sheltered feeding for stock takes place over slatted concrete floors.
As the cows stand on the reinforced slatted floors, their effluent drops through and into a concrete-lined bunker below.
Composting barns are another type of stock wintering option, with the composting occurring in situ.
The cows roam freely in the barn and lie on a mix of wood chips and straw.
The beds must be kept dry by providing adequate ventilation and aeration.
In the past, sacrifice paddocks have been used when other options were not available to stand animals off or feed supplements when it is very wet.
However, there is a risk of soil structure damage and animal health problems, such as lameness and mastitis.
If soil potassium levels become too great (potassium is excreted in urine) it may predispose the calving cow to metabolic problems.
These paddocks come with a very high risk of discharges of contaminants to water, so must be sited well away from waterways, with an area of rank growth to trap any sediment or dung that washes off.
Build your wintering structure well away from waterways and allow for solid and liquid waste disposal into your effluent disposal system.
Don't use supplementary feeds in areas where run off may reach any waterbody.
By planning now and implementing proper stock wintering management practices, you can play an important part in improving water quality and soil health.
