England's Jonathan Trott and James Anderson were included along with Pakistan's Misbah-ul-Haq, Kumar Sangakkara from Sri Lanka and South Africa's Ryan McLaren.
Joe Root of England was the 12th man.
Dhoni was named as skipper after he led his side to victory in the final, becoming the first captain in history to lift all three major ICC trophies - the 2007 World Twenty20, 2011 World Cup and 2013 Champions Trophy.
While not at his best with the bat, Dhoni led India well in the field and his clever deployment of spin was reflected in the wicketkeeper's four tournament stumpings.
The team of the tournament was selected by a panel that included former Indian fast bowler turned match referee Javagal Srinath as well as leading Pakistani umpire Aleem Dar.
Champions Trophy team of the tournament (in batting order):
Shikhar Dhawan (IND) 363 runs
   Jonathan Trott (ENG) 229 runs
   Kumar Sangakkara (SRI) 222 runs
   Virat Kohli (IND) 176 runs
   Misbah-ul-Haq (PAK) 173 runs
   MS Dhoni (IND, capt/wkt) 27 runs, 5 catches, 4 stumpings
   Ravindra Jadeja (IND) 80 runs and 12 wickets
   Ryan McLaren (RSA) 83 runs and 8 wickets
   Bhuvneshwar Kumar (IND) 6 wickets
   James Anderson (ENG) 11 wickets
   Mitchell McClenaghan (NZL) 11 wickets
   Twelfth Man: Joe Root (ENG) 173 runs
- nzherald.co.nz/AFP